Additional File 4.

Our understanding of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of hydrocoele (one of the sequelae of lymphatic filariasis where fluid collects in the scrotal sac causing it to swell) has been greatly increased by ultrasonography which is able to detect adult Wuchereria bancrofti worms in scrotal lymphatic vessels on account of the characteristic pattern of adult worm movements, known as the filarial dance sign. Examination by ultrasound is a non-invasive tool that has become important in clinical studies of lymphatic filariasis. In this digital video sequence (a transverse ultrasound scan of the left testis) an enlarged lymphatic vessel can be seen (arrow), along with one or more adult worms – detectable by their typical movements – the filarial dance sign. We would like to thank Sabine Mand and Achim Hoerauf for making this video available to us. Reproduced with permission from Filaria Journal 2003, 2:3 (27 February 2003) Copyright ^© Sabine Mand and Achim Hoerauf, Bernhard Nocht Institute, Hamburg, Germany.

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Molyneux Filaria Journal 2003 2:13   doi:10.1186/1475-2883-2-13